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Alerts:
Space Weather Message Code: ALTEF3
Serial Number: 3569
Issue Time: 2025 Dec 02 0501 UTC

CONTINUED ALERT: Electron 2MeV Integral Flux exceeded 1000pfu
Continuation of Serial Number: 3568
Begin Time: 2025 Nov 25 1450 UTC
Yesterday Maximum 2MeV Flux: 8521 pfu
Potential Impacts: Satellite systems may experience significant charging resulting in increased risk to satellite systems.

Space Weather Message Code: WATA30
Serial Number: 262
Issue Time: 2025 Dec 01 2119 UTC

WATCH: Geomagnetic Storm Category G2 Predicted
Highest Storm Level Predicted by Day:
Dec 02:  None (Below G1)   Dec 03:  G2 (Moderate)   Dec 04:  G2 (Moderate)
THIS SUPERSEDES ANY/ALL PRIOR WATCHES IN EFFECT

Comment: There is a chance geomagnetic storming could reach G3 (Moderate) levels late 03 Dec, into early 04 Dec.
www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation
Potential Impacts: Area of impact primarily poleward of 55 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude.
Induced Currents - Power grid fluctuations can occur. High-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms.
Spacecraft - Satellite orientation irregularities may occur; increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites is possible.
Radio - HF (high frequency) radio propagation can fade at higher latitudes.
Aurora - Aurora may be seen as low as New York to Wisconsin to Washington state.


Solar-terrestrial indices for 01 December follow.
Solar flux 196 and estimated planetary A-index 10.
The estimated planetary K-index at 1800 UTC on 02 December was 1.67.

No space weather storms were observed for the past 24 hours.

Space weather for the next 24 hours is predicted to be moderate.
Geomagnetic storms reaching the G2 level are likely.
Radio blackouts reaching the R2 level are expected.


Geo Magnetic Forecast:

NOAA Ap Index Forecast
Observed Ap 30 Nov 016
Estimated Ap 01 Dec 012
Predicted Ap 02 Dec-04 Dec 005-024-035

NOAA Geomagnetic Activity Probabilities 02 Dec-04 Dec
Active                15/40/25
Minor storm           01/30/35
Moderate storm        01/10/20
Strong-Extreme storm  01/01/01

NOAA Kp index forecast 02 Dec - 04 Dec
             Dec 02    Dec 03    Dec 04
00-03UT        1.33      3.00      4.67
03-06UT        1.33      3.67      4.67
06-09UT        1.67      1.67      5.67
09-12UT        1.33      3.00      4.33
12-15UT        1.33      3.00      3.67
15-18UT        1.33      3.33      3.67
18-21UT        1.67      4.33      4.00
21-00UT        1.67      5.67      4.33


Extended Three Day Forecast:

A. NOAA Geomagnetic Activity Observation and Forecast

The greatest observed 3 hr Kp over the past 24 hours was 3 (below NOAA
Scale levels).
The greatest expected 3 hr Kp for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025 is 5.67 (NOAA Scale
G2).

NOAA Kp index breakdown Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

             Dec 02       Dec 03       Dec 04
00-03UT       2.33         3.00         4.67 (G1)
03-06UT       2.67         3.67         4.67 (G1)
06-09UT       1.67         3.00         5.67 (G2)
09-12UT       2.00         3.00         4.33
12-15UT       2.00         3.00         3.67
15-18UT       2.33         3.33         3.67
18-21UT       2.67         4.33         4.00
21-00UT       3.00         5.67 (G2)    4.33

Rationale: G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming is likely to
commence by late on 03 Dec and continue into 04 Due due to coronal hole
high speed stream effects possibly combined with glancing shock arrival
from a coronal mass ejection that left the Sun on 01 Dec. It should also
be noted that a chance (25%) for isolated periods of G3 (Strong)
geomagnetic storming will exist on late 03 Dec and early 04 Dec,
especially if the corotating interaction region ahead of the high speed
stream arrives with embedded shock.

B. NOAA Solar Radiation Activity Observation and Forecast

Solar radiation, as observed by NOAA GOES-18 over the past 24 hours, was
below S-scale storm level thresholds.

Solar Radiation Storm Forecast for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

              Dec 02  Dec 03  Dec 04
S1 or greater   20%     20%     20%

Rationale: An enhancement to the 10 MeV proton flux in geosynchronous
orbit due to the aforementioned X1.9 event from 01 Dec cannot be ruled
out as sometimes events from the eastern limb take tens of hours to days
to reach Earth. This combined with the flare potential currently
exhibited by Earth-facing active regions will keep 10 MeV protons at a
slight risk (20%) of reaching the 10 particle flux unit threshold
through 04 Dec.

C. NOAA Radio Blackout Activity and Forecast

No radio blackouts were observed over the past 24 hours.

Radio Blackout Forecast for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

              Dec 02        Dec 03        Dec 04
R1-R2           75%           75%           75%
R3 or greater   30%           30%           30%

Rationale: Isolated to occasional R1-R2 radio blackouts are expected
(75%) through 4 Dec, with a chance for an R3 strong event (30%), given
past flare history and the potential of current active regions on the
disk.

-WC


Extended Space Weather Discussion:

Solar Activity

.24 hr Summary...
Solar activity returned to low levels with only C-class flares. Region
4288 (N19W87, Dai/beta) remained quiet while Region 4291 (S11W72,
Hrx/alpha) experienced decay as it lost its trailing spots, overall
simplifying the region. Region 4294 (S15E30, Fkc/beta-gamma-delta)
maintained a few delta signatures, making it the largest and most
magnetically complex region on the disk, despite losing one of the more
prominent deltas in the positive field of its trailing group. Region
4296 (S14E49, Eki/beta-gamma), like its leading bigger brothe, only
produced low-level C-class flares as well while gaining a relatively
small amount of separation between its leading and trailing spots.
Region 4299 (N23E55, Dac/beta-gamma-delta), which had previously
produced an X1.9 flare as it entered the disk, was not as eye-catching
this period as it rotated off the eastern limb. Region 4300 (N08E64,
Hsx/alpha) was numbered, but classification remains difficult due to
foreshortening effects.

No Earth-directed CMEs were observed in available coronagraph imagery.

.Forecast...
Isolated to occasional M-class flares are expected (75%) through 4 Dec,
with a chance for X-class flares (30%), given past flare history and the
potential of current active regions on the disk.

Energetic Particle

.24 hr Summary...
The greater than 2 MeV electron flux in geosynchronous orbit continued
at high levels with a peak flux of 2,210 particle flux units that was
reached near 02/0200 UTC. The greater than 10 MeV proton flux in
geosynchronous orbit remained at background levels.

.Forecast...
The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to continue to at high
levels, although gradually decreasing, through 03 Dec. A return to
moderate levels by 04 Dec is likely with the initial onset of fast solar
wind associated with a coronal hole high speed stream and/or shock
arrival from the 01 Dec event.

An enhancement to the 10 MeV proton flux in geosynchronous orbit due to
the aforementioned X1.9 event from 01 Dec cannot be ruled out as
sometimes events from the eastern limb take tens of hours to days to
reach Earth. This combined with the flare potential currently exhibited
by Earth-facing active regions will keep 10 MeV protons at a slight risk
(20%) of reaching the 10 particle flux unit threshold through 04 Dec.

Solar Wind

.24 hr Summary...
Solar wind parameters reflected waning positive polarity coronal hole
high speed stream influences of the polar extension variety. Total
interplanetary magnetic field values ranged from 4 to 7 nT, while the Bz
component (North/South) was benign. Solar wind speeds, as measured by
NASAs ACE spacecraft, gradually decreased from near 500 km/s to just
under 400 km/s by the end of the reporting period. Phi was oriented in
the positive solar sector with only a couple of very brief excursions
into the negative sector.

.Forecast...
An overall gradual trend towards a more ambient-like environment is
expected to continue for the remainder of 02 Dec. Disturbances in the
solar wind environment are anticipated to return and arrive at Earth
beginning by late on 03 Dec. First, phi is expected to enter the
negative solar sector followed by the arrival of enhanced magnetic field
ahead of fast solar wind associated with a recurrent, equatorial,
negative polarity coronal hole high speed stream. This disturbance may
be further enhanced by the glancing blow from the shock produced by a
eastern limb coronal mass ejection that was associated with the
aforementioned X1.9 flare on 01 Dec. While the disturbances from shock
arrivals are typically brief, the enhancements of this combined
phenomena is anticipated to continue through 04 Dec.

Geospace

.24 hr Summary...
Geomagnetic field activity was quiet with an isolated unsettled period
early on 02 Dec.

.Forecast...
The geomagnetic field is expected to remain at quiet to unsettled levels
02 Dec and into 03 Dec. Quiet to unsettled levels are likely to give way
to G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storming periods by late 03 Dec due to the
phenomena described in the solar wind section. G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate)
storming is then likely to continue into 04 Dec. It should also be noted
that a chance (25%) for isolated periods of G3 (Strong) geomagnetic
storming will exist on 03 and 04 Dec, especially if the corotating
interaction region ahead of the high speed stream arrives with embedded
shock from the 01 Dec CME. Otherwise, G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) conditions
will most likely give way to mostly active levels as 04 Dec draws to a
close.

-WC


27 Day Forecast:

Date | Radio Flux | Planetary A Index | Largest Kp Index
2025 Dec 01     190           8          3
2025 Dec 02     190           5          2
2025 Dec 03     190          15          4
2025 Dec 04     190          25          5
2025 Dec 05     190          30          5
2025 Dec 06     190          12          4
2025 Dec 07     190          10          3
2025 Dec 08     190           8          3
2025 Dec 09     190           5          2
2025 Dec 10     185           5          2
2025 Dec 11     180           5          2
2025 Dec 12     180           8          3
2025 Dec 13     175          18          5
2025 Dec 14     175          12          4
2025 Dec 15     180           8          3
2025 Dec 16     180           5          2
2025 Dec 17     180           8          3
2025 Dec 18     180          10          3
2025 Dec 19     180           8          3
2025 Dec 20     175           8          3
2025 Dec 21     175          15          4
2025 Dec 22     175          20          5
2025 Dec 23     180          20          5
2025 Dec 24     190          25          5
2025 Dec 25     195          20          5
2025 Dec 26     195          20          5
2025 Dec 27     195          15          4


  • GRAPH OPTIONS: Learn more
    It is recommended that you start out with the default options. As you get used to AF you can disable additional information and combine data series' together to maxamise the use of screen space.

  • DATA SOURCES: Learn more
    Some data sources can only be enabled or disabled via the tick box. Others are disabled using the slider set to 0, or enabled by setting the slider from 0.5 to 4. This number also represents the thinkness of the line plot onto the graph.

  • 'The' Aurora Forecast Index: Learn more
    These are two good options for predicting Auroras.

    The Aurora Forecast Index takes into account many data sources. As a general rule if it stays high for many hours there is a good possibility of an Aurora present.

    Aurora Forecast website usage is also a good indicator, as visitors to the site come from many traffic sources. General internet and community chatter transplating to visits is a great indicator.

  • Planatary K Index (Kp): Learn more
    The Kp number is a system of measuring aurora strength. The range goes from 0 to 9 (0 being calm, 1 very weak, all the way up to 9, which would represent a major geomagnetic storm with strong auroras visible).

    Kp 5 and above is classified as a geomagnetic storm. Most Aurora Hunters consider prolonged 3+ or higher worth investigation.

  • Ovation (Model) Short Term Forecast (GW):' Learn more
    The Ovation-Prime Model produced by SWPC calculates the energy interacting with the Earths magnetic field. This is a good indicator for Aurora activity.
  • DSCOVR Observatory (L1): Learn more

    The DSCOVR or Deep Space Climate Obervatory sits 1.5 million Kilometers from Earth, between the Earth and the Sun in the L1 orbit point, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and the Sun. DSCOVR provides space weather readings, allowing for up to an hour of warning on weather events. This is why DSCOVR's data appears in the future on the graph.

    Strong negative Bz direction is linked to Aurora's because the solar wind magnetic direction is in direct oposition with the Earths magnetic field.

  • ACE Observatory (L1): Learn more

    ACE or Advanced Composition Explorer sits 1.5 million Kilometers from Earth, between the Earth and the Sun in the L1 orbit point, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and the Sun. ACE has now been replaced by DSCOVR, but the data is still useful for comparing to DSCOVR.
  • GOES Satalites: Learn more

    GOES or Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites sit 46 Kilometers above the Earth in geostationary orbit. They provide local space weather data and are a good indicator for current geomagnetic conditions.

  • Terrestrial Magnetometer Sources: Learn more
    Terrestrial or surface magnetometers detect fluctuations in the Earths magnetic field from the ground.
    These do not work as well as satalites as the magnetic field obsorbs some of the effects from the solar winds.
    There is a mix of govenment and citizen science stations listed here, including two run by Aurora Forecast in Hobart.
  • User Magnetometer ID's: Learn more
    If you have a TAFS Magnetometer and you want to add it to the graph you can do it here.
    Insent your Mag's Unique ID.

 

v4.16b

Aurora Forecast is free to use, however it takes a lot of time and effort to maintain. If you find it useful and are a regular user then please consider making a donation to keep it running. Feedback is always welcome.


v4.X Release 17th Dec 2020)
Fixed New GOES and HPI inputs from noaa for Json (17/12/20).
Addded the ability to add 2 custom Magnetometers in settings (comming soon) (18/10/19).
Improved Hobart Magnetometer code. (18/18/19)
Move all presets into their own pop out side menu. (19/06/19)
Added Composite weather maps (TAS, VIC and SA), thanks to Oz forecast! (19/06/19)
UI Upgrades, Name, Logo and Website Site Changes.
Added custom line widths for most items.
Added GOES Difference (#1 - #2)
Added Ovation-prime model outputs.

v3.8x
Various Updates, New AF Index Algo. (8/12/18)

v3.6x
Added more Presets. Disabled Presets overwriting graph views (6/7/18)
Added GeoSpace Kp Model Prediction. (3/7/18)
Added SWPC Kp Forecast + Observation. (2/7/18)
Removed WingKP and USKp. :( No longer Avaliable. (2/7/18)
Removed feed from www.dunedinaurora.nz (Unreliable). (2/7/18)
Updates to latest JQuery, JQuery Mobile and AmCharts etc. (2/7/18)
Enhanced Pro setting with Dynamic Preasure. (2/7/18)
Added Quickselect preset buttons to main page. (2/7/18)
 
v3.5x
Added Ruru Observatory Magnetometer. (25/4/28)
Added Forecast Sub Tabset. (1/3/18)
Added Extended Discussion Text, 27Day FC (1/3/18)
Removed Dial, and Added Forecast Report. (28/2/18)
Updated A few settings for better visilation. (28/2/18)
Updated Goes-13 is Now Goes-14 (15/2/18)
Improved Commmunity Activity for faster loads.
Consolidated Proton Density / Dynamic Preasure.
Added Additional Balloon Text.
Added TAFS Visual Probability in %.
User Interface Upgrades.
Add 'Dial' for the basics, with default support.
Added one click presets.
 
v2.1 - v2.49
Added 'Automatic Chart Update' option in settings.
Database caching enabled, significant load time improvements.
Extension to max 96 hours of data, up from 24.
Added ACE Bt,Bx and By for comparison.
Added More User Presets.
Fixed Orentation Change Alert.
Small layout changes.
Added Header Image.
Removed Top Header to fee up Space, Refresh added to Chart Tab.
Added Community Activity Indicator
Fixed MAG value issues in graph.
Added Second Hobart MAG Source.
Updated Comment Features (Disable).
 
v2.0
Fixed DSCOVR B? display bug.
Added MAG Stack Feature.
Upgrade to json feeds.
Feeds are timezone and forecast aware, making them super fast.
DB Optimisation, improved DB search times.
Charts are now zoomable, allow selection and export.
Added USAF Kp, Updated Wing Kp.
Added Ovation Aurora Short Term Forecast.
Added Macquarie Island MAG feed.
Added Mawson MAG Feed.
Added Canberra Feed.
Added MAG feed from www.dunedinaurora.nz (Portobello).
Added Brendan's experemental MAG feed (Hobart).
Fixed cookie bug, One Alert is enough for landscape mode.
 
> v1.0 (Started 20/10/2014)

  Mawson and Macquarie Island data is copyright Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), and redistributed under Creative Commons v4.
Thanks to INTERMAGNET for promoting high standards of magnetic observatory practice in providing access to these feeds. (www.intermagnet.org).

Local Australian weather composite maps provided by Oz Forecast


Aurora Forecast is free to use, however it takes a lot of time and effort to maintain.
Why not make a donation to keep it running?
Feedback is always welcome. - ©2022 Brendan Davey