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Alerts:
Space Weather Message Code: ALTEF3
Serial Number: 3569
Issue Time: 2025 Dec 02 0501 UTC

CONTINUED ALERT: Electron 2MeV Integral Flux exceeded 1000pfu
Continuation of Serial Number: 3568
Begin Time: 2025 Nov 25 1450 UTC
Yesterday Maximum 2MeV Flux: 8521 pfu
Potential Impacts: Satellite systems may experience significant charging resulting in increased risk to satellite systems.

Space Weather Message Code: WATA30
Serial Number: 262
Issue Time: 2025 Dec 01 2119 UTC

WATCH: Geomagnetic Storm Category G2 Predicted
Highest Storm Level Predicted by Day:
Dec 02:  None (Below G1)   Dec 03:  G2 (Moderate)   Dec 04:  G2 (Moderate)
THIS SUPERSEDES ANY/ALL PRIOR WATCHES IN EFFECT

Comment: There is a chance geomagnetic storming could reach G3 (Moderate) levels late 03 Dec, into early 04 Dec.
www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation
Potential Impacts: Area of impact primarily poleward of 55 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude.
Induced Currents - Power grid fluctuations can occur. High-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms.
Spacecraft - Satellite orientation irregularities may occur; increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites is possible.
Radio - HF (high frequency) radio propagation can fade at higher latitudes.
Aurora - Aurora may be seen as low as New York to Wisconsin to Washington state.


Solar-terrestrial indices for 01 December follow.
Solar flux 196 and estimated planetary A-index 10.
The estimated planetary K-index at 0900 UTC on 02 December was 1.67.

No space weather storms were observed for the past 24 hours.

Space weather for the next 24 hours is predicted to be moderate.
Geomagnetic storms reaching the G2 level are likely.
Radio blackouts reaching the R2 level are expected.


Geo Magnetic Forecast:

NOAA Ap Index Forecast
Observed Ap 30 Nov 016
Estimated Ap 01 Dec 012
Predicted Ap 02 Dec-04 Dec 005-024-035

NOAA Geomagnetic Activity Probabilities 02 Dec-04 Dec
Active                15/40/25
Minor storm           01/30/35
Moderate storm        01/10/20
Strong-Extreme storm  01/01/01

NOAA Kp index forecast 02 Dec - 04 Dec
             Dec 02    Dec 03    Dec 04
00-03UT        1.33      3.00      4.67
03-06UT        1.33      3.67      4.67
06-09UT        1.67      1.67      5.67
09-12UT        1.33      3.00      4.33
12-15UT        1.33      3.00      3.67
15-18UT        1.33      3.33      3.67
18-21UT        1.67      4.33      4.00
21-00UT        1.67      5.67      4.33


Extended Three Day Forecast:

A. NOAA Geomagnetic Activity Observation and Forecast

The greatest observed 3 hr Kp over the past 24 hours was 4 (below NOAA
Scale levels).
The greatest expected 3 hr Kp for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025 is 5.67 (NOAA Scale
G2).

NOAA Kp index breakdown Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

             Dec 02       Dec 03       Dec 04
00-03UT       1.33         3.00         4.67 (G1)
03-06UT       1.33         3.67         4.67 (G1)
06-09UT       1.67         1.67         5.67 (G2)
09-12UT       1.33         3.00         4.33
12-15UT       1.33         3.00         3.67
15-18UT       1.33         3.33         3.67
18-21UT       1.67         4.33         4.00
21-00UT       1.67         5.67 (G2)    4.33

Rationale: G2 (Moderate) levels are likely on 03-04 Dec due to a
combination of activity from a CIR/CH HSS and the arrival of a glancing
blow from the 01 Dec CME.

B. NOAA Solar Radiation Activity Observation and Forecast

Solar radiation, as observed by NOAA GOES-18 over the past 24 hours, was
below S-scale storm level thresholds.

Solar Radiation Storm Forecast for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

              Dec 02  Dec 03  Dec 04
S1 or greater   25%     20%     10%

Rationale: There is a chance for an S1 (Minor) solar radiation storm on
02 Dec, decreasing to a slight chance on 03-04 Dec due to the recent
X1.9 flare from Region 4299.

C. NOAA Radio Blackout Activity and Forecast

Radio blackouts reaching the R3 levels were observed over the past 24
hours. The largest was at Dec 01 2025 0249 UTC.

Radio Blackout Forecast for Dec 02-Dec 04 2025

              Dec 02        Dec 03        Dec 04
R1-R2           80%           70%           70%
R3 or greater   30%           30%           25%

Rationale: Flare probabilities have increased to 70-80% chance for R1-R2
(Minor-Moderate) and 30% chance R3 (Strong). This is based on the
complexity and assuming persistent activity of Regions 4294 and 4299,
respectively.


Extended Space Weather Discussion:

Solar Activity

.24 hr Summary...
Flare activity reached high levels due to an X1.9 at 01/0249 UTC from
Region 4299 (N22E68, Dai/beta-gamma). Significant field line movement
and shock wave can be seen in GOES SUVI 195 Angstroms. Dimming can be
seen on over much of the northeast quadrant of the disk, indicating
significant loss of material. The associated CME can be seen in Lasco C2
coronagraph imagery starting at 01/0248 UTC. It had both a Type IV and
Type II radio sweep with reported velocities around 1,000 km/s, and a
Tenflare that reached 410 pfu.

Region 4299 continues to come into better view as it moves from the east
limb but its magnetic field is still too distorted by foreshortening to
be accurate. Its current classification of Dai is less complex than when
it was last seen as Region 4274 (N24, Ekc/beta-gamma-delta) - but this
is to be expected given its age and the amount of CME activity it was
likely responsible for while on the far-side.

The other notable area is the large complex in the southeast which
contains three regions. The leading spot is fairly simple, Region 4298
(S16E32, Hsx/alpha) and has been stable and quiet. Behind that however,
is the biggest baddest group on the disk - Region 4294 (S15E43,
Fkc/beta-gamma-delta) but despite its size and complexity it has only
produced C-class flares throughout the period. There is some flux
emergence within its intermediate area but minimal shearing is occurring
making it more stable. Behind that, is Region 4296 (S14E62,
Eki/beta-gamma) whose structure is coming into better view, and has been
upgraded in its classification, but it too has been fairly quiet with
only C-class flares.

.Forecast...
Flare probabilities have increased to 70-80% chance for R1-R2
(Minor-Moderate) and 30% chance R3 (Strong). This is based on the
complexity and assuming persistent activity of Regions 4294 and 4299,
respectively.

Energetic Particle

.24 hr Summary...
The greater than 2 MeV electron flux continues at high levels due to the
geoeffective positioning of the now exiting, south pole coronal hole
(CH) high speed stream (HSS). The peak flux was 8,520 pfu observed at
01/1335 UTC.

Modelling of the aforementioned X1.9 confirmed there is about a 30%
chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor)
radiation storming levels in the next 24 hours (roughly). These higher
percentages is based on flare magnitude, previous activity (S3 levels
from this Region on 12 Nov) as well as radio signatures. Since the event
occurred near the east limb it will take time for protons to reach Earth
as we are not in a favorable position for fast arrival.

.Forecast...
The greater than 2 MeV electrons will continue at high levels, slowly
trending down through 04 Dec. It is unlikely that the next CH HSS,
emanating from the CH near the central meridian will be as potent.

There remains a 30% chance for S1 (Minor) radiation storming levels from
the greater than 10 MeV protons 02 Dec with decreasing chances into 04
Dec. Chances will increase if there continues to be significant flare
activity from Region 4299.

Solar Wind

.24 hr Summary...
Solar wind parameters reflected waning influences from the positive
polarity CH HSS mentioned earlier. The interplanetary magnetic field
(Bt) remained around 5 nT with the north-south (Bz) component between
+/-4 nT. Solar wind speeds have decreased from 550 km/s towards 415
km/s. The phi angle has remained in the positive (away from the Sun)
orientation.

.Forecast...
Solar wind parameters will trend towards nominal conditions 02 Dec
before becoming elevated again. Three things will impact the solar wind
03-04 Dec; 1) sector boundary crossing from positive to negative 2)
co-rotating interacting region (CIR) ahead of the CH HSS associated with
the negative CH near the central meridian 3) and a glancing blow from a
powerful CME associated with the X1.9 discussed earlier. All three will
create turbulence, compression, and overall enhancements within the
solar wind 03-04 Dec.

Geospace

.24 hr Summary...
Geomagnetic field had one synoptic period between 00-03 UTC of active
conditions and has been quiet to unsettled since.

.Forecast...
The geomagnetic field will remain at unsettled levels 02 Dec and into 03
Dec. As discussed in the Solar wind forecast section, three space
weather phenomena will be occurring between 03-04 Dec. The CIR will
likely be strong enough on its own to bring G2 (Moderate) geomagnetic
storming levels but the uncertainty of CME arrival time decreases
confidence in magnitude. If they arrive at the same time, G3 (Moderate)
storming levels are likely with conditions waning towards active to G1
levels thereafter. If they are reasonably spaced apart in time, G2
(Moderate) conditions will persist for longer, throughout 04 Dec. G2
Watches have been issued for 03 and 04 Dec.

-Bri


27 Day Forecast:

Date | Radio Flux | Planetary A Index | Largest Kp Index
2025 Dec 01     190           8          3
2025 Dec 02     190           5          2
2025 Dec 03     190          15          4
2025 Dec 04     190          25          5
2025 Dec 05     190          30          5
2025 Dec 06     190          12          4
2025 Dec 07     190          10          3
2025 Dec 08     190           8          3
2025 Dec 09     190           5          2
2025 Dec 10     185           5          2
2025 Dec 11     180           5          2
2025 Dec 12     180           8          3
2025 Dec 13     175          18          5
2025 Dec 14     175          12          4
2025 Dec 15     180           8          3
2025 Dec 16     180           5          2
2025 Dec 17     180           8          3
2025 Dec 18     180          10          3
2025 Dec 19     180           8          3
2025 Dec 20     175           8          3
2025 Dec 21     175          15          4
2025 Dec 22     175          20          5
2025 Dec 23     180          20          5
2025 Dec 24     190          25          5
2025 Dec 25     195          20          5
2025 Dec 26     195          20          5
2025 Dec 27     195          15          4


  • GRAPH OPTIONS: Learn more
    It is recommended that you start out with the default options. As you get used to AF you can disable additional information and combine data series' together to maxamise the use of screen space.

  • DATA SOURCES: Learn more
    Some data sources can only be enabled or disabled via the tick box. Others are disabled using the slider set to 0, or enabled by setting the slider from 0.5 to 4. This number also represents the thinkness of the line plot onto the graph.

  • 'The' Aurora Forecast Index: Learn more
    These are two good options for predicting Auroras.

    The Aurora Forecast Index takes into account many data sources. As a general rule if it stays high for many hours there is a good possibility of an Aurora present.

    Aurora Forecast website usage is also a good indicator, as visitors to the site come from many traffic sources. General internet and community chatter transplating to visits is a great indicator.

  • Planatary K Index (Kp): Learn more
    The Kp number is a system of measuring aurora strength. The range goes from 0 to 9 (0 being calm, 1 very weak, all the way up to 9, which would represent a major geomagnetic storm with strong auroras visible).

    Kp 5 and above is classified as a geomagnetic storm. Most Aurora Hunters consider prolonged 3+ or higher worth investigation.

  • Ovation (Model) Short Term Forecast (GW):' Learn more
    The Ovation-Prime Model produced by SWPC calculates the energy interacting with the Earths magnetic field. This is a good indicator for Aurora activity.
  • DSCOVR Observatory (L1): Learn more

    The DSCOVR or Deep Space Climate Obervatory sits 1.5 million Kilometers from Earth, between the Earth and the Sun in the L1 orbit point, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and the Sun. DSCOVR provides space weather readings, allowing for up to an hour of warning on weather events. This is why DSCOVR's data appears in the future on the graph.

    Strong negative Bz direction is linked to Aurora's because the solar wind magnetic direction is in direct oposition with the Earths magnetic field.

  • ACE Observatory (L1): Learn more

    ACE or Advanced Composition Explorer sits 1.5 million Kilometers from Earth, between the Earth and the Sun in the L1 orbit point, the neutral gravity point between the Earth and the Sun. ACE has now been replaced by DSCOVR, but the data is still useful for comparing to DSCOVR.
  • GOES Satalites: Learn more

    GOES or Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites sit 46 Kilometers above the Earth in geostationary orbit. They provide local space weather data and are a good indicator for current geomagnetic conditions.

  • Terrestrial Magnetometer Sources: Learn more
    Terrestrial or surface magnetometers detect fluctuations in the Earths magnetic field from the ground.
    These do not work as well as satalites as the magnetic field obsorbs some of the effects from the solar winds.
    There is a mix of govenment and citizen science stations listed here, including two run by Aurora Forecast in Hobart.
  • User Magnetometer ID's: Learn more
    If you have a TAFS Magnetometer and you want to add it to the graph you can do it here.
    Insent your Mag's Unique ID.

 

v4.16b

Aurora Forecast is free to use, however it takes a lot of time and effort to maintain. If you find it useful and are a regular user then please consider making a donation to keep it running. Feedback is always welcome.


v4.X Release 17th Dec 2020)
Fixed New GOES and HPI inputs from noaa for Json (17/12/20).
Addded the ability to add 2 custom Magnetometers in settings (comming soon) (18/10/19).
Improved Hobart Magnetometer code. (18/18/19)
Move all presets into their own pop out side menu. (19/06/19)
Added Composite weather maps (TAS, VIC and SA), thanks to Oz forecast! (19/06/19)
UI Upgrades, Name, Logo and Website Site Changes.
Added custom line widths for most items.
Added GOES Difference (#1 - #2)
Added Ovation-prime model outputs.

v3.8x
Various Updates, New AF Index Algo. (8/12/18)

v3.6x
Added more Presets. Disabled Presets overwriting graph views (6/7/18)
Added GeoSpace Kp Model Prediction. (3/7/18)
Added SWPC Kp Forecast + Observation. (2/7/18)
Removed WingKP and USKp. :( No longer Avaliable. (2/7/18)
Removed feed from www.dunedinaurora.nz (Unreliable). (2/7/18)
Updates to latest JQuery, JQuery Mobile and AmCharts etc. (2/7/18)
Enhanced Pro setting with Dynamic Preasure. (2/7/18)
Added Quickselect preset buttons to main page. (2/7/18)
 
v3.5x
Added Ruru Observatory Magnetometer. (25/4/28)
Added Forecast Sub Tabset. (1/3/18)
Added Extended Discussion Text, 27Day FC (1/3/18)
Removed Dial, and Added Forecast Report. (28/2/18)
Updated A few settings for better visilation. (28/2/18)
Updated Goes-13 is Now Goes-14 (15/2/18)
Improved Commmunity Activity for faster loads.
Consolidated Proton Density / Dynamic Preasure.
Added Additional Balloon Text.
Added TAFS Visual Probability in %.
User Interface Upgrades.
Add 'Dial' for the basics, with default support.
Added one click presets.
 
v2.1 - v2.49
Added 'Automatic Chart Update' option in settings.
Database caching enabled, significant load time improvements.
Extension to max 96 hours of data, up from 24.
Added ACE Bt,Bx and By for comparison.
Added More User Presets.
Fixed Orentation Change Alert.
Small layout changes.
Added Header Image.
Removed Top Header to fee up Space, Refresh added to Chart Tab.
Added Community Activity Indicator
Fixed MAG value issues in graph.
Added Second Hobart MAG Source.
Updated Comment Features (Disable).
 
v2.0
Fixed DSCOVR B? display bug.
Added MAG Stack Feature.
Upgrade to json feeds.
Feeds are timezone and forecast aware, making them super fast.
DB Optimisation, improved DB search times.
Charts are now zoomable, allow selection and export.
Added USAF Kp, Updated Wing Kp.
Added Ovation Aurora Short Term Forecast.
Added Macquarie Island MAG feed.
Added Mawson MAG Feed.
Added Canberra Feed.
Added MAG feed from www.dunedinaurora.nz (Portobello).
Added Brendan's experemental MAG feed (Hobart).
Fixed cookie bug, One Alert is enough for landscape mode.
 
> v1.0 (Started 20/10/2014)

  Mawson and Macquarie Island data is copyright Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), and redistributed under Creative Commons v4.
Thanks to INTERMAGNET for promoting high standards of magnetic observatory practice in providing access to these feeds. (www.intermagnet.org).

Local Australian weather composite maps provided by Oz Forecast


Aurora Forecast is free to use, however it takes a lot of time and effort to maintain.
Why not make a donation to keep it running?
Feedback is always welcome. - ©2022 Brendan Davey